The concept of splitting of the retinal layers was known since 1958 when first described by Calbert Phillips. However it was not until the advent of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) when this pathology was studied with more depth. The term Myopic Foveoschisis was first suggested by Takano in 1999 to describe the separation of retinal layers in patients with degenerative myopia coupled with posterior staphyloma. With the advancement of imaging technology, we have been able to understand more about the forces responsible for the pathology and the risk factors. However, the indications, timing and type of surgical intervention in the spectrum of this macular pathology stays controversial. Our aim in this review article is to present the different options, pros and cons of each.

Context: In recent years, the use of double-frequency 532 nm neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser has increased in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) spectrum with excellent structural outcomes, but there are very few studies in this context. Aims: The aim of the study was to study the safety and efficacy of 532 nm Nd:YAG laser in the ROP spectrum. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, noncomparative, and interventional study was conducted on patients who underwent laser treatment for ROP between January 2019 and March 2020. A complete analysis of clinical records including type and zone of ROP, the laser parameter used during the procedure, and complications related to laser photocoagulation was done. Statistical Analysis Used: Quantitative variables were compared using Paired t-test/Wilcoxon rank-sum test across follow-up. Univariate/multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of a risk factor in ROP. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of total 42 eyes in our study irrespective of the type of ROP, 85.7% of the eyes showed complete regression after initial photocoagulation. Six eyes (14.2%) required supplemental laser photocoagulation. Progressing to Stage 4 ROP was seen in one eye even after supplemental laser therapy. The mean number of laser spots required at initial treatment was 3897 ± 1171 (range: 1961–5110) in aggressive posterior ROP eyes as compared to 1391 ± 562 (range: 897–3042) in Type 1 ROP eyes. Tunica vasculosa lentis was present in bilateral eyes of four infants at the time of laser treatment, but it did not alter the treatment completion or outcome. None of our patients developed cataract or anterior segment ischemia. Conclusions: Double-frequency 532 nm Nd: YAG laser is a safe and effective alternative to diode laser photocoagulation in ROP cases.

Purpose: To assess the anatomical and functional success in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) ≥ C1 with coexisting macular holes (MHs) using different management strategies. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective, nonrandomized, observational study in 23 eyes of 23 patients (male: female = 15:8) diagnosed with RRD with PVR ≥ C1 with MH. Patients were divided into three groups according to the technique: Group 1: Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel, Group 2: PPV with ILM peel, and Group 3: PPV with inverted ILM peel technique. Results: The closure of MH was confirmed on SD-OCT. Of the total 23 eyes, 19 patients had attached retina with closed MH during a follow-up period of 6 months. Out of four cases of recurrent retinal detachment (RD), three patients belonged to the no peel group and one to the ILM peel group. In no peel group, two patients had recurrence with re-opening of MH, and out of these two cases, one patient had additional break in the periphery. However, two other cases, each from no peel and ILM peel group, had recurrence due to PVR changes in the periphery. Visual acuity (VA) improvement to LogMar ≤ 1 is seen in 50%, 70%, and 85.7% in the no peel, ILM peel, and inverted flap technique, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that ILM flap technique without encirclage band can be effectively applied to the treatment of MH with RD with more severe PVR changes and that the hole closure results in improved postoperative best-corrected VA.

Purpose: The purpose is to identify the characteristic findings of central serous chorio-retinopathy (CSCR) on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a tertiary care center of North-East India and to clinically correlate the final visual outcome with OCT values at the end of 6 months' follow-up. Methodology: A total of 70 cases (77 eyes) of CSCR were taken up for this prospective observational study. Other pathological causes of macular edema were excluded from the study. Visual acuity, OCT, and FFA were done in all cases at day 1 and were followed up till 6 months. OCT was done at each visit. Results: The mean age of the patient was 40 years (range 20–59 years, standard deviation [SD] 11.98). The day 1 mean vision was 0.72 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (log MAR), SD 0.30, P < 0.0001. The final mean vision at 6 months reduced to 0.22 Log MAR (SD = 0.1116 and P < 0.0001). The mean foveal thickness and macular volume (MV) was found to be 467.27 μm (SD 172.11) and 9.86 mm³ (SD 2.52), respectively, at day 1 of presentation, which reduced to 203.92 μm (SD 40.90; P = 0.0156) and 6.71 mm³ (SD 0.71; P = 0.0009, paired t-test) at the end of 6 months. Conclusion: Although the maximum visual recovery was attained at the 3^rd month, cases with higher MV and foveal thickness at day 1 had poor final visual acuity. OCT alone can be helpful in determining the final visual outcome and the need for early therapy.

We report here cases of subhyaloid premacular haemorrhage and vitreous haemorrhage in two young patients after accidental exposure to a laser pointer.